Publications based on OKO products

Publications based on OKO products

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Three-axis rapid steering of optically propelled micro/nanoparticles: The authors present the design and implementation of a three-axis steering system, wherein a micro/nanoparticle is optically trapped and propelled to serve as a measurement probe. The system uses a 10-mm deformable mirror from Flexible Optical as an actuator for axial steering.
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 063107 (2009); Author(s):Yanan Huang, Jingfang Wan, Ming-Chien Cheng, Zhipeng Zhang, Sissy M. Jhiang, and Chia-Hsiang Menq; Download

Dual wavefront sensing channel monocular adaptive optics system for accommodation studies: The authors present an adaptive optics system for investigation of the impact of the eye's aberrations on the dynamic accommodation response. The system uses a 37-channel piezoelectric deformable mirror from Flexible Optical.
Optics Express 17, 18229-18240 (2009)

Author(s): Karen M. Hampson, Sem Sem Chin, and Edward A. Mallen

Dual-conjugate adaptive optics for wide-field high-resolution retinal imaging

The authors present analysis and preliminary laboratory testing of a realtime dual-conjugate adaptive optics instrument for ophthalmology that will enable wide-field high resolution imaging of the retina in vivo. The setup uses two deformable mirrors from Flexible Optical, one conjugate to the pupil and one conjugate to a plane close to the retina.
Optics Express 17, 4454-4467 (2009)

Author(s): Jörgen Thaung, Per Knutsson, Zoran Popovic, and Mette Owner-Petersen

Correction of low order aberrations using continuous deformable mirrors

The authors show that to achieve a high quality correction of low-order aberrations using membrane, bimorph and continuous facesheet mirrors, these mirrors should have sufficient number of actuators positioned outside the correction aperture.
Optics Express 16, 2859-2866 (2008)

Author(s): G. Vdovin, O. Soloviev, A. Samokhin, M. Loktev

Modal liquid-crystal wavefront corrector on a ceramic substrate: the single-contact approximation

The possibility of manufacturing a multichannel modal liquid-crystal corrector of a new type based on a ceramic substrate with a high permittivity is confirmed theoretically and experimentally. A mathematical model of the single-electrode corrector is proposed and used to study the dependences of the voltage and phase profiles on the properties of the corrector design. The technology of manufacturing a ceramic substrate with built-in electrodes is developed.
Quantum Electronics 37, 1169-1175 (2007)

Author(s): N. A. Klimov, S. P. Kotova, S. A. Samagin, M. Y. Kvashnin, G. V. Vdovin, M. Y. Loktev

Adaptive optics for enhanced signal in CARS microscopy

The authors report the use of adaptive optics with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy for label-free deep tissue imaging based on molecular vibrational spectroscopy. The setup employs the 15-mm 37-channel deformable membrane mirror and a random search optimization algorithm to improve signal intensity and image quality at large sample depths. The authors demonstrate the ability to correct for both system and sample-induced aberrations in test samples as well as in muscle tissue in order to enhance the CARS signal. The combined system and sample-induced aberration correction increased the signal by an average factor of ~3x for the test samples at a depth of 700 µm and ~6x for muscle tissue at a depth of 260 µm. The enhanced signal and higher penetration depth offered by adaptive optics will augment CARS microscopy as an in vivo and in situ biomedical imaging modality.
Opt. Express 15, 18209-18219 (2007)

Author(s): A. J. Wright, S. P. Poland, J. M. Girkin, C. W. Freudiger, C. L. Evans, and X. S. Xie

Direct optimization of femtosecond laser ablation using adaptive wavefront shaping

The authors introduce an approach based on using an iterative simulated annealing algorithm to drive the outcome of femtosecond laser ablation towards a specific target shape by using a two-dimensional deformable mirror by Flexible Optical B.V. Unlike previous work combining adaptive optics and laser machining the authors use the machining outcome itself as the fitness parameter for the optimization procedure. Single-pulse ablation features with programmable aspect ratios and dimensions as small as 2.5 µm are faithfully reproduced by the technique in a chromium-on-glass test sample.
J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 9, 1100-1104 (2007)
Author(s): S. Campbell, S.M.F. Triphan, R. El-Agmy, A.H. Greenaway and D.T. Reid

Liquid crystal wavefront corrector with modal response based on spreading of the electric field in a dielectric material

A novel liquid crystal (LC) wavefront corrector with smooth modal influence functions is proposed and realized. The modal character of the response is determined by spreading of the electric field in a thick ceramic substrate. The device implemented is operating in a reflective (mirror) mode; however, similar principles can be used to build a transmissive device.
Optics Express 15, 2770-2778 (2007)
Author(s): M. Loktev, G. Vdovin, N. Klimov, S. Kotova

Adaptive wavefront correction in two-photon microscopy using coherence-gated wavefront sensing

The authors demonstrate that resolution and signal size in two-photon microscopy can be substantially improved, even in living biological specimens, by adaptive wavefront correction based on sensing the wavefront of coherence-gated back-scattered light (coherence-gated wavefront sensing, CGWS) and wavefront control by a deformable mirror. A nearly diffraction-limited focus can be restored even for strong aberrations. CGWS-based wavefront correction should be applicable to samples with a wide range of scattering properties and it should be possible to perform real-time pixel-by-pixel correction even at fast scan speeds. The adaptive optics closed loop system uses a 37 actuator OKO membrane deformable mirror.
PNAS 103 , 17137-17142 (2006)

Author(s): Markus Rueckel, Julia A. Mack-Bucher, and Winfried Denk

Adaptive optics enhanced simultaneous en-face optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy

A novel combination of adaptive optics with a simultaneous en-face OCT/SLO system for high resolution imaging of the in-vivo human retina is presented. The adaptive optics closed loop system uses a 37 actuator OKO membrane deformable mirror.
Optics Express 14, 3345-3353 (2006)

Author(s): D. Merino, C. Dainty, A. Bradu, A. G. Podoleanu

Adaptive optics for ophthalmic applications using a pyramid wavefront sensor

The authors present a new adaptive optics system for the eye using a pyramid wavefront sensor interfaced in closed-loop with a 19-channel piezoelectric deformable mirror from OKO Technologies.
Optics Express 14, 518-526 (2006)

Author(s): S. R. Chamot, C. Dainty, S. Esposito

Dynamic closed-loop system for focus tracking using a spatial light modulator and a deformable membrane mirror

A dynamic closed-loop method for focus tracking using a spatial light modulator and a deformable membrane mirror within a confocal microscope is described. A 37-channel micromachined membrane deformable mirror from OKO Technologies is used.
Optics Express 14, 222-228 (2006)

Author(s): A. J. Wright, B. A. Patterson, S. P. Poland, J. M. Girkin, G. M. Gibson, M. J. Padgett

Hartmann-Shack test with random masks for modal wavefront reconstruction

The paper discusses the influence of the geometry of a Hartmann-(Shack) wavefront sensor on the total error of modal wavefront reconstruction.
Optics Express 13, 9570-9584 (2005)

Author(s): O. Soloviev, G. Vdovin

Adaptive beam profile control using a simulated annealing algorithm

The authors present a programmable beam-shaping method based on the combination of a deformable mirror and a simulated annealing algorithm. A 37-channel micromachined membrane deformable mirror from OKO Technologies is used. The experimental results show that the system is capable of adaptively creating, on demand, Gaussian and super-Gaussian beam profiles that closely match the desired target parameters.
Optics Express 13, 6085-6091 (2005)

Author(s): R. El-Agmy, H. Bulte, A. H. Greenaway, D. T. Reid

Comparative analysis of deformable mirrors for ocular adaptive optics

The authors have evaluated the ability of three commercially available deformable mirrors to compensate the aberrations of the eye. The mirrors evaluated were a 37 actuator membrane mirror and 19 actuator piezo mirror (OKO Technologies) and a 35 actuator bimorph mirror (AOptix Inc).
Optics Express 13, 4275-4285 (2005)

Author(s): E. Dalimier, C. Dainty

Modal wavefront correctors based on nematic liquid crystals

The thesis is dedicated to investigation and development of modal wavefront correctors based on nematic liquid crystals, including liquid crystal adaptive lenses and multi-element wavefront correctors. The technology is avaliable in OKO Technologies. A free printed copy of the thesis is available by request.
PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology (2005)

Author(s): M. Loktev

Adaptive correction of human-eye aberrations in a subjective feedback loop

An adaptive optical system with a subjective feedback loop is used to improve the visual acuity and to determine the aberrations of the human eye. The system is based on a 19-channel piezoelectric deformable mirror from OKO Technologies.
Optics Letters 30, 795-797 (2005)

Author(s): G. Vdovin, M. Loktev, A. Simonov, V. Kijko, S. Volkov

Programmable spectral phase control of femtosecond pulses by use of adaptive optics and real-time pulse measurement

The authors describe a programmable spectral-phase, pulse-shaping system for femtosecond pulses based on the 19-channel linear deformable mirror from OKO Technologies. Accurate spectral phase design as well as pulse intensity modulation was achieved with direct control of the mirror surface by use of a negative-feedback, mirror-surface control mode. Convergence to the chosen spectral-phase design was typically achieved within several seconds.
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 21, 4, 833–843 (2004)

Author(s): J. Garduño-Mejía, A. H. Greenaway, D. T. Reid

Spherical aberration correction for optical tweezers

In typical optical tweezers experiments the quality of the trap deteriorates due to optical aberrations caused by the refractive index mismatch at the glass–water interface when trapping deep inside a sample or out of the imaging plane. The authors correct these aberrations using a 37-channel micromachined membrane deformable mirror from OKO Technologies.
Optics Communications 236, 145–150 (2004)

Author(s): E. Theofanidou, L. Wilson, W. J. Hossack, J. Arlt

Designer femtosecond pulses using adaptive optics

The authors describe a femtosecond pulse shaper using a linear micromachined membrane deformable mirror from OKO Technologies.
Optics Express 11, 2030-2040 (2003)

Author(s): J. Garduño-Mejía, A. H. Greenaway, D. T. Reid

Feedback interferometry with membrane mirror for adaptive optics

Feedback interferometers can be used for many optical measurements as well as aberration correction. The choice of the phase modulator in the interferometer has major influence on the operation of the feedback system. Conventional wisdom is that independent actuator movement is a basic requirement for the modulator in order to allow the feedback system to operate in stable fashion and that membrane mirrors are not suitable. We demonstrate the operation of a feedback interferometer which uses a membrane mirror as the phase modulator. We show that even with the strong coupling introduced by the influence function of the membrane mirror, the feedback system can still operate normally. Our interferometer is based on a radial shearing polarizing Sagnac interferometer. The current system is able to correct static aberration with significant improvement on Strehl ratio.
Opt. Commun. 218, 33-41 (2003)

Author(s): D. C. L. Cheung, T. H. Barnes, and T. G. Haskells

On the possibility of intraocular adaptive optics

Authors consider the technical possibility of an adaptive contact lens and an adaptive eye lens implant based on the modal liquid crystal wavefront corrector, aimed to correct the accommodation loss and higher-order aberrations of the human eye. The demonstrator is based on a liquid crystal adaptive lens, which is available from OKO Technologies.
Optics Express 11, 810-817 (2003)

Author(s): G. Vdovin, M. Loktev, A. Naumov

Membrane deformable mirror for adaptive optics: performance limits in visual optics

The performance of a membrane deformable mirror with 37 electrodes (OKO Technologies) is studied in order to characterize its utility as an adaptive optics element.

Optics Express 11, 1056-1069 (2003)

Author(s): E. Fernandez and P. Artal

Three-dimensional virtual retinal display system using a deformable membrane mirror

A deformable membrane mirror from OKO Technologies is being used to generate multiple focal planes within a scanned light display, or virtual retinal display (VRD).
SID 02 Digest 50.4 (2002)

Author(s): S. C. McQuaide, E. J. Seibel, R. Burstein, T. A. Furness III

Three-dimensional virtual retinal display using a deformable membrane mirror

A deformable membrane mirror from OKO Technologies is being used to generate multiple focal planes within a scanned light display, or virtual retinal display (VRD).
MSc Thesis, University of Washington (2002)

Author(s): S. C. McQuaide

Modal liquid crystal wavefront corrector

Results are presented of the properties of a liquid crystal wavefront corrector for adaptive optics. The technology is avaliable in OKO Technologies by request.
Optics Express 10, 1258-1272 (2002)

Author(s): S. P. Kotova, M. Y. Kvashnin, M. A. Rakhmatulin, O. A. Zayakin, I. R. Guralnik, N. A. Klimov, P. Clark, G. D. Love, A. F. Naumov, C. D. Saunter, M. Y. Loktev, G. V. Vdovin, L. V. Toporkova

Deformable mirror with thermal actuators

A novel type of ultralow-cost deformable mirror with thermal actuators is reported. The mirror is available from OKO Technologies.
Optics Letters 27, 677-679 (2002)

Author(s): G. Vdovin, M. Loktev

Low-cost solar adaptive optics in the infrared

The authors have developed a low-cost adaptive optics system for solar observations in the infrared. 37-ch 15-mm OKO mirror is used.
Proc. SPIE 4853, ()

Author(s): Keller C.U., Plymate C., Ammons S.M.

Active transverse mode control and optimisation of an all-solid-state laser using an intracavity adaptive-optic mirror

A 37 element adaptive optic mirror from OKO Technologies has been used intracavity to control the oscillation mode profile of a diode-laser pumped Nd:YVO₄ laser. Mode and power optimisation are demonstrated by closed loop automatic optimisation of the deformable mirror.
Optics Express 10, 550-555 (2002)

Author(s): W. Lubeigt, G. Valentine, J. Girkin, E. Bente, D. Burns

Comparison study of the performance of piston, thin plate and membrane mirrors for correction of turbulence-induced phase distortions

In the framework of the Kolmogorov turbulence model and analytical and numerical models of deformable mirrors, the authors investigated and intercompared the correction performances of piston, membrane and flexible faceplate (with either free edge, supported edge or clamped edge) adaptive mirrors featuring orthogonal, hexagonal and segmented ring actuator structures.
Optics Communications 192, 91-99 (2001)

Author(s): M. Loktev, D. W. De Lima Monteiro, G. Vdovin

Microelectromechanical system programmable aberration generator for adaptive optics

A 37-actuator micromachined membrane deformable mirror from OKO Technologies was used as a programmable aberration generator.
Applied Optics 40, 2063-2067 (2001)

Author(s): R. K. Tyson, B. W. Frazier

Cryogenic wavefront correction using membrane deformable mirrors

Micro-machined membrane deformable mirrors (MMDMs) are being evaluated for their suitability as wavefront correctors at cryogenic temperatures. Presented here are experimental results for the change in the initial mirror figure of 37-channel MMDMs from OKO Technologies upon cooling to T=78K. The changes in the influence functions are also explored. Of the sample of 3 mirrors tested, one was found to have sufficiently small initial static aberrations to be useful as a wavefront corrector at this temperature. The influence functions at T=78K were found to be similar in shape to both those at room temperature and theoretical predictions of the MMDMs surface shape. The magnitude of the surface deflection at T=78K was reduced by around 20% compared with room temperature values.
Optics Express 8, 17-26 (2001)

Author(s): Harold Dyson, Ray Sharples, N. Dipper, and Gleb Vdovin

Intracavity control of a 200-W continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser by a micromachined deformable mirror

A silicon micromachined membrane deformable mirror with a diameter of 10 mm, reflectivity of better than 99.8%, and a surface deflection range of 3 mm has been used for intracavity control of an industrial 200-W cw Nd:YAG laser.
Optics Letters 26, 798-800 (2001)

Author(s): G. Vdovin, V. Kiyko

Versatile 7-fs optical parametric pulse generation and compression by use of adaptive optics

Authors have compressed the output from a b-barium borate noncollinear optical parametric amplifier to ~7-fs pulse durations, using a micromachined deformable mirror (from OKO Technologies) with an efficient search algorithm.
Optics Letters 26, 1152-1154, (2001)

Author(s): M. R. Armstrong, P. Plachta, E. A. Ponomarev, R. J. D. Miller

Closed-loop adaptive optics in the human eye

Authors demonstrated real-time closed-loop correction of aberrations in the living eye. Defocus is removed by a motorized optometer, and higher-order aberrations are corrected by a membrane deformable mirror from OKO Technologies.
Optics Letters 26, 746-748 (2001)

Author(s): E. J. Fernández, I. Iglesias, P. Artal

Wave front control systems based on modal liquid crystal lenses

Authors describe electro-optical systems for adaptive focusing of linearly polarized light. The systems are based on liquid crystal adaptive lenses, which are commercially available from OKO Technologies.
Review of Scientific Instruments 71, 3290-3297 (2000)

Author(s): M. Yu. Loktev, V. N. Belopukhov, F. L. Vladimirov, G. V. Vdovin, G. D. Love, A. F. Naumov

Shaped-pulse optimization of coherent emission of high-harmonic soft X-rays

The technique of pulse compression was applied to generation of coherent soft X-ray beams. The pulse-shaping apparatus was based on a micromachined deformable mirror from OKO Technologies.
Nature 406, 164-166 (2000)

Author(s): R. Bartels, S. Backus, E. Zeek, L. Misoguti, G. Vdovin, I. P. Christov, M. M. Murnane, H. C. Kapteyn

Adaptive pulse compression for transform-limited 15-fs high-energy pulse generation

Authors demonstrate the use of a pulse shaper based on OKO's micromachined membrane deformable mirror to correct high-order residual phase aberrations in a 1-mJ, 1-kHz, 15-fs laser amplif ier.
Optics Letters 25, 587-589 (2000)

Author(s): E. Zeek, R. Bartels, M. M. Murnane, H. C. Kapteyn, S. Backus, G. Vdovin

Smart microscope: an adaptive optics learning system for aberration correction in multiphoton confocal microscopy

Off-axis aberrations in a beam-scanning multiphoton confocal microscope are corrected with a deformable mirror from OKO Technologies.
Optics Letters 25, 52-54 (2000)

Author(s): O. Albert, L. Sherman, G. Mourou, T. B. Norris, G. Vdovin

A low cost adaptive optics system using a membrane mirror

A low cost adaptive optics system is presented. The system uses a 37 actuator membrane mirror (from OKO Technologies) and operates at frame rates up to 800 Hz using a single processor.
Optics Express 6, 175-185 (2000)

Author(s): C. Paterson, I. Munro, J. C. Dainty

Hybrid curvature and gradient wave-front sensor

Authors proposed a new wave-front sensor for adaptive optics that gives signals for the curvature and the two gradient components of the wave front simultaneously. The performance of such a sensor used in conjunction with a micromachined membrane deformable mirror (from OKO Technologies) is considered.
Optics Letters 25, 1687-1689 (2000)Author(s): C. Paterson, J. C. Dainty

Membrane deformable mirrors under CW laser load

Behavior of micromachined membrane deformable mirrors from OKO Technologies under continuous laser load has been investigated experimentally and theoretically.
Proceedings of SPIE 3762, 58-66 (1999)

Author(s): G. Vdovin, N. Kuegler, M. Schacht

Wave-front generation of Zernike polynomial modes with a micromachined membrane deformable mirror

Authors investigate the characteristics of a 37-channel micromachined membrane deformable mirror (from OKO Technologies) for wave-front generation. They demonstrate wave-front generation of the first 20 Zernike polynomial modes.
Applied Optics 38, 6019-6026 (1999)

Author(s): L. Zhu, P.-C. Sun, D.-U. Bartsch, W. R. Freeman, Y. Fainman

Aberration-free dynamic focusing with a multichannel micromachined membrane deformable mirror

Aberration-free dynamic focusing was demonstrated with a low-cost 19-channel micromachined membrane deformable mirror from OKO Technologies.
Applied Optics 38, 5350-5354 (1999)

Author(s): L. Zhu, P.-C. Sun, Y. Fainman

Adaptive control of a micromachined continuous-membrane deformable mirror for aberration compensation

An adaptive experimental system to compensate for the wave-front aberrations of a model eye has been built in which a 19-channel micromachined deformable mirror from OKO Technologies was used.
Applied Optics 38, 168-176 (1999)

Author(s): L. Zhu, P.-C. Sun, D.-U. Bartsch, W. R. Freeman, Y. Fainman

Pulse compression by use of deformable mirrors

An electrostatically deformable, gold-coated, silicon nitride membrane mirror from OKO Technologies was used as a phase modulator to compress pulses from 92 to 15 fs.
Optics Letters 24, 493-495 (1999)

Author(s): E. Zeek, K. Maginnis, S. Backus, U. Russek, M. Murnane, G. Mourou, H. Kapteyn, G. Vdovin

Multichannel liquid-crystal-based wave-front corrector with modal influence functions

Authors report on a multichannel liquid-crystal-based wave-front corrector with smooth modal influence functions. The technology is avaliable in OKO Technologies by request.
Optics Letters 23, 1550-1552 (1998)

Author(s): A. F. Naumov, G. Vdovin

Liquid-crystal adaptive lenses with modal control

Authors report on a novel approach to the realization of nematic liquid-crystal (LC) cylindrical and spherical lenses. The lenses are available from OKO Technologies.

Optics Letters 23, 992-994 (1998)

Author(s): A. F. Naumov, M. Yu. Loktev, I. R. Guralnik, G. Vdovin

Reconstruction of an object shape from the near-field intensity of a reflected paraxial beam

Experimental reconstruction of an object shape from the near-field intensity of reflected or transmitted light is reported. The method of reconstruction is based on the direct numerical solution of the finite difference representation of the paraxial irradiance-transport equation.
Applied Optics 36, 5508-5513 (1997)

Author(s): G. Vdovin

Flexible mirror micromachined in silicon

One of the first publications on the technology of micromachined membrane deformable mirrors (MMDMs).
Applied Optics 34, 2968-2972 (1995)

Author(s): G. Vdovin, P. M. Sarro